BSc Agriculture Notes second Semester – There are total 9 courses in BSc Agriculture second semester. All of the notes are given below click on the link to download the notes pdf.
About BSc Agriculture
BSc Agriculture is an undergraduate four years program divided into eight semesters focused on the science and practice of farming and crop production. It covers a range of topics including soil science, plant biology, pest management, and agricultural economics. This degree prepares students for careers in farming, agribusiness, research, and environmental management, combining theoretical knowledge with practical skills to address global food security and sustainable agricultural practices.
BSc Agriculture second semester notes pdf download
| Fundamentals of Genetics | Download |
| Agricultural Microbiology | Download |
| Fundamentals of Crop Physiology | Download |
| Fundamentals of Entomology | Download |
| Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics | Download |
| Fundamentals of Plant Pathology | Download |
| Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education | Download |
| Soil and Water Conservation Engineering | Download |
| Communication Skills and Personality Development | Download |
BSc Agriculture 3rd semester Notes Download
BSc Agriculture 4th semester Notes Download
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BSc Agriculture 6th semester Notes Download
BSc Agriculture 1st Semester Notes Download
BSc Agriculture Second Semester Notes Download
BSc Agriculture second semester syllabus
Fundamentals of Genetics3(2+1)
Theory
Pre and Post Mendelian concepts of heredity, Mendelian principles of heredity, Cell division – mitosis, meiosis, Probability and Chi-square. Dominance relationships, gene interaction.
Multiple alleles, pleiotropism and pseudoalleles, Sex determination and sex linkage, sex limited and sex influenced traits, Blood group genetics, Linkage and its estimation, crossing over mechanisms, chromosome mapping. Structural changes in chromosome, Mutation, classification, Methods of inducing mutation & CIB technique, mutagenic agents and induction of mutation. Qualitative & Quantitative traits, Polygenes and continuous variations, multiple factor hypothesis, Epistatic interactions with examples. Cytoplasmic inheritance. Genetic disorders,. Nature, structure & replication of genetic material. Protein synthesis, Transcription and translational mechanism of genetic material, Gene concept: Gene structure, function and regulation, Lac and Trp operons.
Practical
Study of microscope. Study of cell structure. Experiments on monohybrid, dihybrid, trihybrid, test cross and back cross, Experiments on epistatic interactions including testcross and back cross, Practice on mitotic and meiotic cell division, Experiments on probability and Chi-square test. Determination of linkage and cross over analysis (through two point test cross and three point test cross data). Study on sex linked inheritance in Drosophila. Study of models on DNA and RNA structure.
Agricultural Microbiology 2(1+1]
Theory
Introduction. Microbial world: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. Bacteria: cell structure, chemoautotrophy, photo autotrophy, growth. Bacterial genetics: Genetic recombination- transformation, conjugation and transduction, plasmids, transposon.
Role of microbes in soil fertility and crop production: Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and sulphur cycles. Biological nitrogen fixation- symbiotic, associative and aysmbiotic.
Azolla, blue green algae and mycorrhiza. Rhizosphere and phyllosphere. Microbes in human welfare: silage production, biofertilizers, biopesticides, biofuel production and biodegradation.
Practical
Introduction to microbiology laboratory and its equipments; Microscope- parts, principles of microscopy, resolving power and numerical aperture. Methods of sterilization.
Nutritional media and their preparations. Enumeration of microbial population in soil- bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes. Methods of isolation and purification of microbial cultures.
Isolation of Rhizobium from legume root nodule. Isolation of Azotobacter from soil. Isolation of Azospirillum from roots. Staining and microscopic examination of microbes.
Introductory Soil and Water Conservation Engineering2(1+1)
Theory
Introduction to Soil and Water Conservation, causes of soil erosion. Definition and agents of soil erosion, water erosion: Forms of water erosion. Gully classification and control measures. Soil loss estimation by universal Loss Soil Equation. Soil loss measurement techniques. Principles of erosion control: Introduction to contouring, strip cropping.
Contour bund. Graded bund and bench terracing. Grassed water ways and their design. Water harvesting and its techniques. Wind erosion: mechanics of wind erosion, types of
soil movement. Principles of wind erosion control and its control measures.
Practical – General status of soil conservation in India. Calculation of erosion index. Estimation of soil loss. Measurement of soil loss. Preparation of contour maps. Design of
grassed water ways. Design of contour bunds. Design of graded bunds. Design of bench terracing system. Problem on wind erosion.
Fundamentals of Crop Physiology 2(1+1)
Theory
Introduction to crop physiology and its importance in Agriculture; Plant cell: an Overview; Diffusion and osmosis; Absorption of water, transpiration and Stomatal Physiology;
Mineral nutrition of Plants: Functions and deficiency symptoms of nutrients, nutrient uptake mechanisms; Photosynthesis: Light and Dark reactions, C3, C4 and CAM plants;
Respiration: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and electron transport chain; Fat Metabolism: Fatty acid synthesis and Breakdown; Plant growth regulators: Physiological roles and
agricultural uses, Physiological aspects of growth and development of major crops: Growth analysis, Role of Physiological growth parameters in crop productivity.
Practical
Study of plant cells, structure and distribution of stomata, imbibitions, osmosis, plasmolysis, measurement of root pressure, rate of transpiration, Separation of photosynthetic
pigments through paper chromatography, Rate of transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration, tissue test for mineral nutrients, estimation of relative water content, Measurement
of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation by Infra Red Gas Analyser (IRGA).
Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics2 (2+0)
Theory
Economics :Meaning, scope and subject matter, definitions, activities, approaches to economic analysis; micro and macro economics, positive and normative analysis. Nature of
economic theory; rationality assumption, concept of equilibrium, economic laws as generalization of human behavior. Basic concepts: Goods and services, desire, want,
demand, utility, cost and price, wealth, capital, income and welfare. Agricultural economics: meaning, definition, characteristics of agriculture, importance and its role in
economic development. Agricultural planning and development in the country. Demand: meaning, law of demand, demand schedule and demand curve, determinants, utility
theory; law of diminishing marginal utility, equi-marginal utility principle. Consumer’s equilibrium and derivation of demand curve, concept of consumer surplus. Elasticity of
demand: concept and measurement of price elasticity, income elasticity and cross elasticity. Production: process, creation of utility, factors of production, input output
relationship. Laws of returns: Law of variable proportions and law of returns to scale. Cost: Cost concepts, short run and long run cost curves. Supply: Stock v/s supply, law of
supply, supply schedule, supply curve, determinants of supply, elasticity of supply. Market structure: meaning and types of market, basic features of perfectly competitive and
imperfect markets. Price determination under perfect competition; short run and long run equilibrium of firm and industry, shut down and break even points. Distribution theory:
meaning, factor market and pricing of factors of production. Concepts of rent, wage, interest and profit. National income: Meaning and importance, circular flow, concepts of national income accounting and approaches to measurement, difficulties in measurement. Population: Importance, Malthusian and Optimum population theories, natural and socio-economic determinants, current policies and programmes on population control. Money: Barter system of exchange and its problems, evolution, meaning and functions of money, classification of money, money supply, general price index, inflation and deflation. Banking: Role in modern economy, types of banks, functions of commercial and central bank, credit creation policy. Agricultural and public finance: meaning, micro v/s macro finance, need for agricultural finance, public revenue and public expenditure. Tax: meaning, direct and indirect taxes, agricultural taxation, VAT. Economic systems:Concepts of economy and its functions, important features of capitalistic, socialistic and mixed
economies, elements of economic planning.
Fundamentals of Plant Pathology4(3+1)
Theory
Introduction: Importance of plant diseases, scope and objectives of Plant Pathology. History of Plant Pathology with special reference to Indian work. Terms and concepts in Plant Pathology. Pathogenesis . Cause and classification of plant diseases. Important plant pathogenic organisms, different groups: fungi, bacteria, fastidious vesicular bacteria, phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, viruses, viroids, algae, protozoa, phanerogamic parasites and nematodes with examples of diseases caused by
them. Diseases and symptoms due to abiotic causes.
Fungi: general characters, definition of fungus, somatic structures, types of fungal thalli, fungal tissues, modifications of thallus, reproduction (asexual and sexual). Nomenclature, Binomial system of nomenclature, rules of nomenclature, classification of fungi. Key to divisions,sub-divisions, orders and classes.
Bacteria and mollicutes: general morphological characters. Basic methods of classification and reproduction. Viruses: nature, architecture, multiplication and transmission. Study of phanerogamic plant parasites.
Nematodes: General morphology and reproduction, classification, symptoms and nature of damage caused by plant nematodes (Heterodera, Meloidogyne, Anguina etc.) Principles and methods of plant disease management. Nature, chemical combination, classification, mode of action and formulations of fungicides and antibiotics.
Practical
Acquaintance with various laboratory equipments and microscopy. Preparation of media, isolation and Koch’s postulates. General study of different structures of fungi. Study of
symptoms of various plant diseases. Study of representative fungal genera. Staining and identification of plant pathogenic bacteria. Transmission of plant viruses. Study of
phanerogamic plant parasites.
Study of morphological features and identification of plant parasitic nematodes. Extraction of nematodes from soil.
Study of fungicides and their formulations. Methods of pesticide application and their saf e use. Calculation of fungicide sprays concentrations.
Fundamentals of Entomology4(3+1)
Part – I
History of Entomology in India. Factors for insect’s abundance. Major points related to dominance of Insecta in Animal kingdom. Classification of phylum Arthropoda upto
classes. Relationship of class Insecta with other classes of Arthropoda. Morphology: Structure and functions of insect cuticle and molting. Body segmentation. Structure of
Head, thorax and abdomen. Structure and modifications of insect antennae, mouth parts, legs, Wing venation, modifications and wing coupling apparatus. Structure of male and
female genital organ. Metamorphosis and diapause in insects. Types of larvae and pupae. Structure and functions of digestive, circulatory, excretory, respiratory, nervous,
secretary (Endocrine) and reproductive system, in insects. Types of reproduction in insects. Major sensory organs like simple and compound eyes, chemoreceptor.
Part-II
Insect Ecology: Introduction, Environment and its components. Effect of abiotic factors–temperature, moisture, humidity, rainfall, light, atmospheric pressure and air currents.
Effect of biotic factors – food competition, natural and environmental resistance. Concepts of Balance of life in nature, biotic potential and environmental resistance and causes
for outbreak of pests in agro-ecosystem.
Part III
Pest surveillance and pest forecasting. Categories of pests. Host plant resistance, Cultural, Mechanical, Physical. Legislative. Biological (parasites, predators & transgenic plant
pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses) methods of control. Chemical control-importance, hazards and limitations. Classification of insecticides, toxicity of insecticides
and formulations of insecticides. Recent methods of pest control, repellents, antifeedants, hormones, attractants, gamma radiation and genetic control. Practices, scope and
limitations of IPM. Insecticides Act 1968-Important provisions. Application techniques of spray fluids. Phytotoxicity of insecticides. Symptoms of poisoning, first aid and
antidotes. Beneficial insects: parasites and predators used in pest control and their mass multiplication techniques. Important groups of microorganisms, bacteria, viruses and
fungi used in pest control and their mass multiplication techniques. Important species of pollinators, weed killers and scavengers, their importance.
Part – IV
Systematics: Taxonomy –importance, history and development and binomial nomenclature. Definitions of Biotype, Sub-species, Species, Genus, Family and Order. Classification
of class Insecta upto Orders, basic groups of present day insects with special emphasis to orders and families of Agricultural importance like Orthoptera: Acrididae,
Tettigonidae, Gryllidae, Gryllotalpidae; Dictyoptera: Mantidae, Blattidae; Odonata; Isoptera: Termitidae; Thysanoptera: Thripidae; Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Cimicidae,
Pyrrhocoridae, Lygaeidae, Cicadellidae, Delphacidae, Aphididae, Coccidae, Lophophidae, Aleurodidae, Pseudococcidae; Neuroptera: Chrysopidae; Lepidoptera: Pieridae,
Papiloinidae, Noctuidae, Sphingidae, Pyralidae, Gelechiidae, Arctiidae, Saturnidae, Bombycidae; Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, Chrysomelidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionidae,
Bruchidae, Scarabaeidae; Hymenoptera: Tenthridinidae, Apidae. Trichogrammatidae, lchneumonidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae, Tachinidae,
Agromyziidae, Culicidae,Muscidae, Tephritidae.
Practical
Methods of collection and preservation of insects including immature stages; External features of Grasshopper/Blister beetle; Types of insect antennae, mouthparts and legs;
Wing venation, types of wings and wing coupling apparatus. Types of insect larvae and pupae; Dissection of digestive system in insects (Grasshopper); Dissection of male and
female reproductive systems in insects (Grasshopper); Study of characters of orders Orthoptera, Dictyoptera, Odonata, Isoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera,
Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and their families of agricultural importance.
Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education 3(2+1)
Theory
Education: Meaning, definition & Types; Extension Education- meaning, definition, scope and process; objectives and principles of Extension Education; Extension Programme
planning- Meaning, Process, Principles and Steps in Programme Development. Extension systems in India: extension efforts in pre-independence era (Sriniketan, Marthandam,
Firka Development Scheme, Gurgaon Experiment, etc.) and post-independence era (Etawah Pilot Project, Nilokheri Experiment, etc.); various extension/ agriculture development
programmes launched by ICAR/ Govt. of India (IADP, IAAP, HYVP, KVK, IVLP, ORP, ND,NATP, NAIP, etc.). New trends in agriculture extension: privatization extension, cyber
extension/ e-extension, market-led extension, farmer-led extension, expert systems, etc.
Rural Development: concept, meaning, definition; various rural development programmes launched by Govt. of India. Community Dev.-meaning, definition, concept & principles,
Physiology of C.D. Rural Leadership: concept and definition, types of leaders in rural context; extension administration: meaning and concept, principles and functions.
Monitoring and evaluation: concept and definition, monitoring and evaluation of extension programmes; transfer of technology: concept and models, capacity building of
extension personnel; extension teaching methods: meaning, classification, individual, group and mass contact methods, media mix strategies; communication: meaning and
definition; models and barriers to communication. Agriculture journalism; diffusion and adoption of innovation: concept and meaning, process and stages of adoption, adopter
categories.
Practical
To get acquainted with university extension system. Group discussion- exercise; handling and use of audio visual equipments and digital camera and LCD projector; preparation
and use of AV aids, preparation of extension literature – leaflet, booklet, folder, pamphlet news stories and success stories; Presentation skills exercise; micro teaching exercise;
A visit to village to understand the problems being encountered by the villagers/ farmers; to study organization and functioning of DRDA and other development departments at
district level; visit to NGO and learning from their experience in rural development; understanding PRA techniques and their application in village development planning; exposure
to mass media: visit to community radio and television studio for understanding the process of programme production; script writing, writing for print and electronic media,
developing script for radio and television.
Communication Skills and Personality Development2(1+1)
Theory
Communication Skills: Structural and functional grammar; meaning and process of communication, verbal and nonverbal communication; listening and note taking, writing
skills, oral presentation skills; field diary and lab record; indexing, footnote and bibliographic procedures. Reading and comprehension of general and technical articles, precise
writing, summarizing, abstracting; individual and group presentations, impromptu presentation, public speaking; Group discussion. Organizing seminars and conferences
Practical
Listening and note taking, writing skills, oral presentation skills; field diary and lab record; indexing, footnote and bibliographic procedures. Reading and comprehension of
general and technical articles, precise writing, summarizing, abstracting; individual and group presentations.
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